藻毒素复合污染对鱼体的免疫毒性研究

针对水体富营养化问题,通过单一暴露和联合暴露方式研究两种MCs四种暴露剂量（0．1,1,10,100μg／L）下对鱼体的免疫毒效应。结果发现,不同剂量MCLR和MCRR单一暴露都能使鲫鱼淋巴细胞发生死亡,呈现明显的剂量效应和时间效应关系。且MCLR对鱼体的毒性相对McRR要更显著;MCLR和McRR复合暴露对鱼体淋巴细胞的毒性效应表现为协同作用,且随着毒素浓度的增加,其毒性效应差异显著性也随之升高,故而鱼体的免疫系统造成重大的影响,因此应当加强控制藻毒素在水体中的复合污染。     

苯并(a)芘在四种食用淡水鱼中的含量和分布

利用GC-MS测定了购自北京市场的4种食用淡水鱼(鲫鱼、胖头鱼、鲤鱼、草鱼)的5种组织器官(脑、肝、泡、卵和肌肉)中BaP的含量,分析了BaP在4种食用淡水鱼中的分布特征及其对人体的健康风险.结果表明,鱼体BaP湿重含量范围为0～0.057ng·g-1,BaP脂标化含量范围为0.02～21·22 ng˙g-1·BaP在不同组织器官和不同鱼种中的湿重含量差别不显著;而不同鱼种和组织器官中BaP脂标化含量则有一定的差异性.4种鱼中,胖头鱼BaP脂标化含量水平最高,鲫鱼次之,草鱼和鲤鱼较低;各组织器官中,肝脏的BaP脂标化含量相对最高,肉、泡、籽次之,脑中BaP脂标化含量相对最低.鱼体中BaP湿重含量均低于USEPA规定的可食用生物组织器官中BaP含量的上限值(0.67 ng·g-1,wetweight),对人体的致癌风险远小于10-5.     

Flow‐Biology Relationships Based on Fish Habitat Guilds in North Carolina

The health of freshwater biota is dependent on streamflow, yet identification of the flow regimes required to maintain ecological integrity remains challenging to states in the United States seeking to establish ecological flows. We tested the relationship between decreases in streamflow and Shannon‐Weaver diversity index of fish species for four flow‐based habitat guilds: riffle, riffle‐run, pool‐run, and pool in North Carolina. We found species that prefer shallow habitats, such as riffles and riffle‐runs were the most sensitive to decreases in streamflow; whereas no significant relationships were found for pool or pool‐run species. The sensitivity to decreases in streamflow was greatest during summer and fall, when streams are naturally lower. When all fish habitat guilds were included in the assessment of flow‐biology relationships, there were no significant relationships to decreases in streamflow. As the sensitivity of fish to reductions in streamflow is not constant across habitat guilds, combining all fish species together for flow‐biology analyses may greatly underestimate the response of fish species to decreases in flow and should be acknowledged when establishing ecological flows.     

巢湖流域河流鱼类群落的时空分布

基于2013年4月和10月对巢湖流域66个河道样点的调查数据,初步研究了巢湖流域河流鱼类群落的时空变化特征。主要研究结果显示,鱼类多样性无显著性的水系间、生态分区间的变化,但随季节和河流级别显著变化:10月份的个体数显著高于4月份,2级河流的物种数和个体数均显著大于1级、3级和4级河流。鱼类群落结构的季节动态显著,随生态分区显著变化,但不受水系、河流级别的显著影响。在二级生态分区水平上,仅西南森林生态亚区的鱼类群落结构与其他5个生态亚区的显著差异;宽鳍鱲、吻虾虎鱼等在西南森林生态亚区具有更高多度,而鲫、鰐、鲤等物种在其他生态亚区多度更高。     

黑水河下游鱼类资源现状及其保护措施

为了解白鹤滩蓄水运行前黑水河下游鱼类资源的现状、受到的主要威胁及其保护措施,于2014年1~12月在黑水河下游干支流江段采用电捕法进行了渔获物调查。结果显示:12个月共调查发现鱼类28种,隶属于3目8科23属,其中喜流水生境、产粘沉性卵、以着生藻类或/和底栖动物为食物的鱼类种类较多;调查区域鱼类个体规格普遍较小,其中齐口裂腹鱼Schizothorax prenanti、短体副鳅Paracobitis potanini、红尾副鳅Paracobitis varigatus、短须裂腹鱼Schizothorax wangchiachii、前鳍高原鳅Triplophysa anterodorsalis、中华纹胸鮡Glyptothorax sinense和凹尾拟鲿Pseudobagrus emarginatus为调查区域的主要经济鱼类;上半年和下半年的渔获物结构在统计学上差异显著(R=0.81,p=0.1%0.05),鱼类在金沙江干流和黑水河下游之间的相互迁徙比较明显;CPUE呈现先波动下降然后逐月上升的趋势,其中10月份的CPUE最低;丰度生物量比较曲线显示2014年各月的渔获物结构均处于严重干扰状态。黑水河下游河道采砂以及过度捕捞是白鹤滩蓄水前影响黑水河下游鱼类资源的主要因素,建议通过控制采砂的江段、采砂的时间以及全面禁捕保护该区域的鱼类资源。     

Trait‐based prediction of extinction risk of small‐bodied freshwater fishes

Small body size is generally correlated with r‐selected life‐history traits, including early maturation, short‐generation times, and rapid growth rates, that result in high population turnover and a reduced risk of extinction. Unlike other classes of vertebrates, however, small freshwater fishes appear to have an equal or greater risk of extinction than large fishes. We explored whether particular traits explain the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List conservation status of small‐bodied freshwater fishes from 4 temperate river basins: Murray‐Darling, Australia; Danube, Europe; Mississippi‐Missouri, North America; and the Rio Grande, North America. Twenty‐three ecological and life‐history traits were collated for all 171 freshwater fishes of ≤120 mm total length. We used generalized linear mixed‐effects models to assess which combination of the 23 traits best explained whether a species was threatened or not threatened. We used the best models to predict the probability of 29 unclassified species being listed as threatened. With and without controlling for phylogeny at the family level, small body size—among small‐bodied species—was the most influential trait correlated with threatened species listings. The k‐folds cross‐validation demonstrated that body size and a random effect structure that included family predicted the threat status with an accuracy of 78% (SE 0.5). We identified 10 species likely to be threatened that are not listed as such on the IUCN Red List. Small body size is not a trait that provides universal resistance to extinction, particularly for vertebrates inhabiting environments affected by extreme habitat loss and fragmentation. We hypothesize that this is because small‐bodied species have smaller home ranges, lower dispersal capabilities, and heightened ecological specialization relative to larger vertebrates. Trait data and further model development are needed to predict the IUCN conservation status of the over 11,000 unclassified freshwater fishes, especially those under threat from proposed dam construction in the world's most biodiverse river basins.     

自动化前处理-气相色谱串联质谱法测定淡水鱼体中的有机磷阻燃剂

应用自动化前处理设备和气相色谱串联四级杆质谱仪建立了淡水鱼体中10种有机磷阻燃剂的检测方法。该方法先采用自动索氏提取仪进行样品的提取,再应用凝胶渗透色谱净化仪和florisil柱对提取液进行两级净化,最后用气相色谱串联四级杆质谱法(多反应监测模式)对样品中的有机磷阻燃剂(OPFRs)定性定量。实验表明,凝胶渗透色谱净化系统在以乙酸乙酯∶环己烷(1∶1,V/V)为流动相,流速为5.0 m L·min-1的条件下,收集OPFRs的最佳时间为900~1 680 s;方法的检出限为0.002~0.192 ng·g~(-1)湿重,加标水平为5.000 ng·g~(-1)湿重时,平均加标回收率为48.7%~122%,相对偏差除磷酸三乙酯(TEP)(17.7%)和磷酸三(1,3-二氯异丙基)酯(TDCP)(11.9%)外均小于10%。应用该方法测定采集于东江某污水处理厂入河排污口的鱼类样品时,回收率指示物(d27-TBP)的回收率为82.4%~114%,鱼类样品中∑OPFRs的浓度范围为nd~6.41 ng·g~(-1)湿重。     

Risk estimation to human health caused by the mercury content of Sushi and Sashimi sold in Japanese restaurants in Brazil

Although fish is a healthy alternative for meat, it can be a vehicle for mercury (Hg), including in its most toxic organic form, methylmercury (MeHg). The objective of the present study was to estimate the risk to human health caused by the consumption of sushi and sashimi as commercialized by Japanese food restaurants in the city of Campinas (SP, Brazil). The total Hg content was determined by atomic absorption spectrometry with thermal decomposition and amalgamation, and the MeHg content calculated considering that 90% of the total Hg is in the organic form. The health risk was estimated from the values for the provisional tolerable weekly ingestion (PTWI) by both adults and children. The mean concentrations for total Hg were: 147.99, 6.13, and 3.42 µg kg^?1 in the tuna, kani, and salmon sushi samples, respectively, and 589.09, 85.09, and 11.38 µg kg^?1 in the tuna, octopus and salmon sashimi samples, respectively. The tuna samples showed the highest Hg concentrations. One portion of tuna sashimi exceeded the PTWI value for MeHg established for children and adults. The estimate of risk for human health indicated that the level of toxicity depended on the type of fish and size of the portion consumed.     

Patterns of selectiveness in the Amazonian freshwater fisheries: implications for management

Tropical fisheries, which are considered multi-species, may show selectiveness. We analyzed the degree of selectivity of fish catches in 46 sites along the Amazon basin through the percentage of biomass corresponding to the most caught fish species. Amazonian fisheries were considered moderately selective, as 54% of the sites directed more than a quarter of fishing effort to one fish species and in 87% of the sites more than half the fishing effort was directed to five fish species. Commercial fisheries were more selective than subsistence fisheries. Eleven fish species (nine of them migratory) have received more fishing pressure in the studied Amazonian regions and the catch composition differed among regions. We thus recommend that fisheries management in the Amazon basin should distribute fishing effort among more fish species; incorporate the particularities of commercial and subsistence fisheries; evaluate fishing effects on ecosystem services; and consider the biological characteristics of preferred fish.